Cross-Cultural Health Perspectives Essay Example for Free

Cross-Cultural Health Perspectives Essay Breastfeeding practices around the world are vastly different. There are countries who are active promoters of breastfeeding and others who seem to take the care less attitude. The diverse approaches to breastfeeding found between and within societies are largely based on cultural rather than individual differences. For the purposes of this paper, comparisons between Iran and Australia concerning the act of breastfeeding will be looked at along with ideas of how to improve the initiation and duration rates and a discussion of the benefits of increasing initial breastfeeding and continuing to do so for the health benefit of the child and mother. Presently, in Iran, breastfeeding is viewed as an openly society norm and it all stems from a religious background in a country that believes in the total care of an infant and who is willing to provide the most optimal care possible. It is interesting, that 100 percent of the hospitals in Iran are in complete agreement and following the â€Å"Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI)† as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Mothers are given free opportunities to attend antenatal classes and a lot of time and attention is placed on the initial bonding time as well as the 24 hour rooming in the hospital. Iran has also taken the initiative to standardize their health education that is provided from medical staff to any literature and training that is provided to the mother and family. Specifically, mothers are educated on the adverse effects of man-made formulas and supplies that are not beneficial to the children, which include the negative long term effects of using such products. Home and follow-up care is also provided free of charge up to two years of age where the health professionals reinforce continuous breastfeeding, which greatly encourages the mothers to keep going. Working mothers are granted four months of paid leave that is increasing to six months in the near future. (Zaeeai, Obrien, Fallon, 2007). Australia in contrast, maintains inconsistencies in regards to breastfeeding. It is a country that has chosen not to adopt the World Health Organization program of the BFHI and therefore has an incredibly low rate of 4. 5 percent of the women who breastfeed. Fascinatingly, it is not the norm in Australia to be open about breastfeeding or to even start and continue for the recommended two year length. The health professional opinions of breastfeeding are also inconsistent and are much different than Iran’s. They take the stance that breastfeeding provides no more benefit than using artificial means of feeding a child. With the professionals unconvincing attitude it is no wonder that the country does not provide accessible and affordable antenatal classes to their mothers. During the hospital stay, alternative means of feeding the baby are presented to the mother in addition to the non encouragement of rooming-in after delivery and the avoidance of skin-to-skin contact with their babies. For the working mother, only 23 percent of the mothers are granted maternity leave which on average is a total of eight weeks. (Zaeeai, Obrien, Fallon, 2007). Improving the breast feeding initiation and duration rates for Iran, although they are very good, could be accomplished by increasing the positive feedback to the mothers each time they are seen to encourage them to keep it up the great work and remind them of the benefits they are providing their children and themselves. They could also be improved by increasing the media advertisements in communities such as billboards and educating high school and college students about the critical information. (Zaeeai, Obrien, Fallon, 2007). Initiation and duration rates for Australia could be improved by not taking the baby out of the room when the mother wants to rest in the hospital. Instead of encouraging the mother, adopt a hospital policy that all babies will room-in with the mother immediately after birth, because the 60 – 90 minutes after are the most critical to establishing the bond. Also, not having the alternative formulas available for the mother’s when they ask for it. (Murphy Mullaly, 2009). It is a total mind modification that must take place within the medical community as well as in the country to make the change for the better to breastfeed babies. (Zaeeai, Obrien, Fallon, 2007). Developing a BFHI program in Australia would involve an entire country shift of thinking about breastfeeding. It would be a massive educational campaign with statistics, articles and advertisements. Providing consistent antenatal classes that are available to everyone at a minimal or no cost to the mothers along with follow-up care that is included for up to two years. It is important for Australia and clinicians to get on board with breastfeeding. The adverse effects must be talked about and collectively the country as medical professionals must come together and agree that the benefits of the man-made formulas are not even close to the long term benefits of a mother’s milk. (Zaeeai, Obrien, Fallon, 2007). Australia, Iran and the rest of the world can and are making a difference in a little one’s life. It is just a matter of taking on the responsibilities and educating the public on the benefits of breastfeeding and following through. Which in-turn increases the overall initiation and duration rates that make our world a better place to live and work for all and especially our babies! References Breastfeeding answers from La Leche League. (Feb, 2007). La Leche League International. Retrieved March 27, 2010 from http://www. llli. org/nb. html. Murphy, S. , Mullally, A.. (October, 2009). Breastfeeding lacks medical support. Irish Medical Times, 43(40), 10. Retrieved March 27, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Trade Industry. First-of-Its-Kind Program Aims to Reduce Primary Barrier to Breastfeeding for Hourly and Lower-Wage Working Mothers. (February, 2009). U. S. Newswire. Retrieved March 27, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand. Zaeeai, M. , Obrien, M. L. , Fallon, A. B. (2007). Creating a breastfeeding culture: A comparison of breastfeeding practises in Australia and Iran. Breastfeeding Review, 15(2), 15-24. Retrieved on March 27, 2010.

Labor in Society :: Psychology Marx Capitalism Essays

Labor in Society The vision of hustling bodies performing their simple tasks in seemingly infinite repetition as part of a project too large to be understood from the particular action pervades our world to the extent that it becomes hard to imagine life without it. Indeed, the vision offers a larger narrative into which all of our experiences can fit, as if we were always just minor contributors to grand projects, where the only question is whether or not the projects are good. Marx considers this division of labor as it presents itself in society, in the form of social roles and subgroup responsibilities, as opposed to a seemingly similar order in capitalist factory organization. As a part of his wider critique of capitalism, Marx makes a distinction between the division of labor in society and in production, then uses the distinction to make capitalism appear merely contingent and vulnerable to substantial criticism. Marx delineates between the division of labor in society and in manufacture. He argues that many (or most) societies are structured with different roles for different people, â€Å"caused by differences of sex and age, a division that is consequently based on a purely physiological function† (Cap 392). This is because â€Å"different communities find different means of production †¦ which †¦ calls forth the mutual exchange of products† (Cap 393). An example might be that young men hunt and other groups perform other duties, and the community will share these goods. On the other hand, Marx claims that the division of labor in manufacture is purely a construct of capitalism. First, there is no reason that it would result from natural differences, such as physiology. Furthermore, the division â€Å"within the workshop implies the undisputed authority of the capitalist over men† (Cap 395), whereas, in the social division of labor, the work ers â€Å"acknowledge no other authority but that of competition† (Cap 395). The division of labor in manufacture is only a particular organization within the natural division of different industries. While social roles may be normal, Marx holds firmly that capitalism is not natural, neutral, or inevitable. For the division in the factory, Marx would count all of Smith’s arguments about the rationality of this mode as increases in efficiency, and thus (usually) of ‘relative surplus value’.

Challenges & prospects of garment industry in bangladesh Essay

Current problem and prospect of Garments industry in Bangladesh â€Å"A study on R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD†. Objective of the study:Broad objective:q The broad objective of this report is to identify the current problems and prospects of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTDSpecific objectives:q To identify the current problems of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD. To find out the current position of Bangladeshi garments industry in the world. To identify the growth and trends of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD. Methodology of the study:Ââ€" Research type:Basically it is a descriptive research by nature.Ââ€" Sources of data:Both primary & secondary data are used for this study, these are:Primary data: it includes the following sources of data.v By a questionnaire through merchandiser and floor in-charge.v Face to face conversation with the top officials.   Secondary data: I need much information for the report, which we get from secondary data.These are:v Annual report of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD. Different types of document of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD.v Various published document from BGMEA.v World wide web. Data collection procedure:Ø Questionnaire: Well structured questionnaire is used for primary data collection.Ø Population: Total population 24 including merchandiser & floor in- charge. 7. Ø Sampling frame: Name list of 24 merchandiser & floor in-charge.Ø Sampling method: Non-probability convenience sampling methods are used.Ø Sample size: 10 sample size. 8. Limitation: While preparing this report, though I have been helped by management of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD and other ways, there were some uncontrollable limitations, which are:Ø Unavailability of relevant research works, article, publications relevant to R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD.Ø Limited time of internship program. 9. Analysis and Findings:1. What type of products are produce in your industry? knit 40% woven 60%Findings: From this table it is seen that, 60% woven & 40% knit garments produce R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD 10. 2. Which are the exporting market of our country? USA 30% others 70%Findings: From this table it is seen that, 30% USA &Others is 70% market where my company does their business. 11. 3. Unskilled garments worker is problem for the R.M.KNITFASHION.LTD? strongly agree 30% agree 70%Findings: From this table it is seen that, strongly agree 30% and agree 70%.Unskilled garments worker  is the main problem for this industry. Do you think document delay & improper documentare the concluding major problems? no 30% yes 70%Findings: Above the table it is seen that, yes 70% & no 30%. 13. 5. Do you think R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has a enoughemergency stairs? agree 20% strongly disagree 50% disagree 30%Findings: From this table it is seen that, agree 20%, disagree 30% & strongly disagree 50%. 14. 6. Do you think R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has a enoughsecurity force & tools for fire controlling? agree 30% disagree 70%Findings: Above the table it is seen that, agree 30% and disagree 70%. 15. 7. Does R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD provides facilities fortheir worker? agree 40% disagree 60%Findings: From the table it is seen that, agree 40% and disagree 60%. 16. 8. Do you think R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has a highquality machine? agree 30% disagree 70%Findings: From the table it is seen that, agree 30% and disagree 70%. 17. 9. Do you think R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD pay workerwages timely? yes 30% no 70%Findings: From the table it is seen that, yes 30% and no 70%. 18. 10. Do you face any problems in collecting rawmaterial? yes no 50% 50%Findings: From the table it is seen that, yes 50% and no 50%. 19. 11. What are the basic problems on the way of developmentof R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD? dependency on foreign market 10% poor garment policy 30% unskilled labor 60%Findings: From the table it is seen that, unskilled labor 60%, poor garments policy 30% and dependency on foreign market 10%. 20. 12. How can we remove from above problems of R.M.KNITFASHION.LTD? increase investment try to increase the in this sector area of export 30% 10% establish new infrastructure and conducting training & development program 60%Findings: From the table it is seen that, try to increase the area of export 10%, establish new infrastructure and conducting training and development program 60% and increase investment in this sector 30%. 21. Current position of Bangladeshi garments industry in the world.Bangladesh ranks 4th largest clothing exporter in the world:Source: Xinhua [08:47 July 23, 2010]Bangladesh has been ranked as the fourth largest exporter of clothing with a 3 percent share of the global market by the world body World Trade Organization (WTO), Vice-president of Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) Faruque Hassan said on Wednesday.Hassan made the remarks while speaking to the members of Overseas Correspondents of Bangladesh (OCAB at the office of BGMEA. in xporter of cotton T-shirts and second largest exporter of cotton pullover and jeans for the European Union and the second largest exporter of cotton trousers to the United States by volume. The BGMEA vice-president said although the low cost production of clothing is still an important competitive edge for Bangladesh, the increasing competition in the global apparel market has caused manufacturers to produce quality products, increase the commitment with buyers and social responsibility in factories, which have made Bangladesh a reliable option in the global supply of clothing.At present, there are about 5,000 garment factories in Bangladesh and over two million workers are employed in the sector, 90 percent of them are women. 23. Growth and trends of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD Financial year UE U.S.A Total Knit Woven RMG Knit Woven RMG production FY 2009 140000 pcs 220000pcs 360000pcs 170000pcs 250000pcs 420000pcs 780000pcs FY 2010 165000pcs 230000pcs 395000pcs 176000pcs 258000pcs 434000pcs 829000pcs FY 2011 167000pcs 232000pcs 399000pcs 170000pcs 255000pcs 425000pcs 824000pcs 840000 829000 824000 820000 800000 780000 780000 760000 740000 2009 2010 2011 Graph: Growth & trends of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD 24. Major findings:Ââ€" Most of the time R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD produce woven products.Ââ€" Main market of our garments product is EU and Bangladesh also exports in USA and other country.Ââ€" Unskilled garments worker are problem for development of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTDÂâ€" Documentation problem is also a big problem.Ââ€" R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has no enough emergency stairs.Ââ€" R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has no enough security force and tools for fire controlling.Ââ€" R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has no high quality machines.Ââ€" R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD do not pay worker wages timely. 25. Recommendation:Ââ€" Improving other garment product not dependent only for woven product of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD.Ââ€" Extended foreign market.Ââ€" Trained up workers by various diploma course.Ââ€" Fire consciousness is required for all workers.Ââ€" Increase emergency stairs.Ââ€" Ensure enough security force and tools for fire controlling.Ââ€" Ensure high quality machine, so that they can produce high quality product.Ââ€" And the most important is timely pay wages.

The Nature Of The African Landscape - 10552 Words

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The abundant reports, literary narratives, and the variety of representations of the early travellers that belong to different social, cultural, and political backgrounds presented Africa with a very shining image. They loomed Africa as exotic, strange, and the promised of golden opportunities. However, in the nineteenth-century Western colonial discourse, Africabegan to function as a synonym to absence and infinite. (Miller, 1996: 92). This is because the colonial missionaries and administration of Africa turns it into a realm of darkness, corruption, and a source of terror that lacks shape and pattern. The credential of thisShow MoreRelatedJoseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1198 Words   |  5 PagesJoseph Conrad, in his novel Heart of Darkness, comments on the nature of imperialism, the individual psyche, and the evil inherent in the human condition. 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